Presence of the symbiont also reduced parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis parasitic success, increased the wasp development time and decreased its emergence weight

the Regiella-infected strain performed delayed developmental duration and lower adult weight

may affect the host plant utilization of aphids

symbiont have a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps Aphidius ervi during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development

the survival and fecundity of infected aphids having survived parasitoid wasp Aphelinus asychis attack were clearly reduced compared to the control

provides strong protection against parasitoid wasps; Negative effects of R5.15 on host survival and lifetime reproduction were limited and frequently non-significant

provides strong protection against parasitoid wasps; Negative effects of R5.15 on host survival and lifetime reproduction were limited and frequently non-significant

provides strong protection against parasitoid wasps; Negative effects of R5.15 on host survival and lifetime reproduction were limited and frequently non-significant

R. insecticola-infected aphids were more predated by the ladybird Hippodamia variegata irrespective of host plants and did not improve defences against coccinellid predators or metabolic rates on any host plants

Regiella infection decreased the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of aphids at 25 °C and 28 °C. However, at 31 °C, the effect of Regiella on the rm varied depending on the aphid genotype and density. Thus, the negative effects of this endosymbiont on its host were environmentally dependent.

R. insecticola increased the time of pre-adult duration.R. insecticola may reduce the potential growth of S. avenae clones.

In R. insecticola-infected aphid lines, there were increases in plasticities for developmental times of first and second instar nymphs and for fecundity, showing novel functional roles of bacterial symbionts in plant-insect interactions.

secondary symbionts

protects pea aphids from the aphid-specific fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora occidentalis but not from the generalist insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana

significantly reduced parasitoid success and increased aphid survivorship

be entirely resistant to both parasitoids, Aphidius colemani and Diaeretiella rapae

Regiella reduces winged offspring production and changes the timing of sexual morph production

Acyrthosiphon pisum