aphid strain infected with H. defensa performed shortened developmental duration for 1st instar and total nymph stages, reduced aphid survival rate, offspring, and longevity

In response to ladybirds, symbiont-infected pea aphids exhibited proportionately fewer evasive defences (dropping and walking away) than non-infected (cured) pea aphids, but more frequent aggressive kicking

infected group showed greater differentiation in behaviours in response to the two predators (ladybirds and lacewings) than the uninfected lines

has a defensive function and can protect aphids from parasitoids

symbiont have a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps Aphidius ervi during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development

infection with H. defensa reduced aphid susceptibility to the investigated insecticides at low concentrations, potentially by increasing detoxification enzyme activity in the host

led to a decrease in aphid feeding on low-quality host plants

secondary symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring. H. defensa and Arsenophonus contributed to the fitness of A. gossypii by enhancing its performance, but not through parasitoid resistance.

symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring

secondary symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring. H. defensa and Arsenophonus contributed to the fitness of A. gossypii by enhancing its performance, but not through parasitoid resistance.

symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring

Survival rate of the parasitoid wasp attacked in the presence of symbiotic bacteria is significantly higher, but growth and development are negatively affected.

can provide a defence against hymenopteran parasitoids to their aphid hosts

Increase the reproductive capacity of wheat aphids, increase the number of offspring and reduce the age of first breeding, suppressed the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense pathways and SA/JA accumulation

H. defensa may indirectly improve the fitness of S. miscanthi by stimulating the proliferation of Buchnera aphidicola

increased progeny and female progeny size of Aphelinus glycinis

decreased adult survival on Acyrthosiphon pisum

hyperparasitoid (either Aphidius ervi or Aphelinus abdominalis) hatch rate was substantially affected by the presence of the symbiont