In response to ladybirds, symbiont-infected pea aphids exhibited proportionately fewer evasive defences (dropping and walking away) than non-infected (cured) pea aphids, but more frequent aggressive kicking

infected group showed greater differentiation in behaviours in response to the two predators (ladybirds and lacewings) than the uninfected lines

infection with H. defensa reduced aphid susceptibility to the investigated insecticides at low concentrations, potentially by increasing detoxification enzyme activity in the host

symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring

Increase the reproductive capacity of wheat aphids, increase the number of offspring and reduce the age of first breeding, suppressed the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense pathways and SA/JA accumulation

H. defensa may indirectly improve the fitness of S. miscanthi by stimulating the proliferation of Buchnera aphidicola

hyperparasitoid (either Aphidius ervi or Aphelinus abdominalis) hatch rate was substantially affected by the presence of the symbiont

the genome of Hamiltonella revealed that this secondary symbiont can not only provide vitamins and cofactors, but also complete the missing steps of some of the pathways of Portiera

symbiont provided strong protection against L. fabarum and Aphidius colemani, but there was no evidence that H. defensa-infected aphids were more resistant to the other parasitoid species

can block larval development of the solitary endoparasitoid wasps Aphidius ervi and Aphidius eadyi, rescuing the aphid hos

kills parasitoid wasp larvae, allowing aphid hosts to survive and reproduce