Bifidobacterium asteroides provides a complementary demethylation service to promote Gilliamella growth on methylated homogalacturonan, establishing a conditional mutualistic interaction for pectin deconstruction in Apis mellifera.

Bifidobacterium asteroides provides a complementary demethylation service to promote Gilliamella growth on methylated homogalacturonan, establishing a conditional mutualistic interaction for pectin deconstruction in Apis cerana.

Gilliamella apicola shares digestive products with Bifidobacterium in exchange for demethylation services, establishing a conditional mutualistic interaction critical for degrading methylated homogalacturonan in Apis mellifera.

Gilliamella apicola shares digestive products with Bifidobacterium in exchange for demethylation services, establishing a conditional mutualistic interaction critical for degrading methylated homogalacturonan in Apis cerana.

Bifidobacterium asteroides strain wkB204 grew in the presence of amygdalin as the sole carbon source, suggesting it degrades amygdalin and is not susceptible to its potential byproducts in the Spodoptera frugiperda system.

Bifidobacterium asteroides colonization alters the brain neurotransmitter and gene expression patterns, which might be associated with a unique PUL-like genomic region (developmental modulation).

Bifidobacterium asteroides is specifically enriched in Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs) organized into Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PULs) and expressed in response to different hemicelluloses (carbohydrate metabolism).