Buchnera the nutritional endosymbiont of A. pisum is located inside of bacteriocytes and requires aspartate from the aphid host, because it cannot make it de novo. Further Buchnera needs aspartate for the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids lysine and threonine, which the aphid and Buchnera require for survival

adapt towards carbohydrate metabolism

promotes host fitness in special ecological niche by affecting sugar metabolism in Drosophila suzukii

The acquisition of genes for the degradation of the toxic monosaccharides potentiates Apibacter with the ability to utilize the pollen hydrolysis products, at the same time enabling monosaccharide detoxification for the host

exhibited abilities in catabolizing sugars (sucrose, trehalose, melezitose and raffinose) known to be constituents of hemipteran honeydew

exhibited abilities in catabolizing sugars (sucrose, trehalose, melezitose and raffinose) known to be constituents of hemipteran honeydew

Dactylopiibacterium may catabolize plant polysaccharides, and be active in carbon and nitrogen provisioning through its degradative activity and by fixing nitrogen;this symbiont was also shown to occur in the hemolymph, probably delivering essential amino acids and riboflavin to the host from nitrogen substrates derived from nitrogen fixation.

leading to hydrolysis of cellulosic waste into reducing sugars which could be used for the growth of bacteria

facilitate lactic acid production

able to take plant-derived compounds, such as citric acid and glucose/fructose, and convert them into acetate gives ants extra energy

can degrade plant polysaccharides and confer their host optimal adaptation to its environment by modulating its metabolism

can degrade plant polysaccharides and confer their host optimal adaptation to its environment by modulating its metabolism

can degrade plant polysaccharides and confer their host optimal adaptation to its environment by modulating its metabolism

can degrade plant polysaccharides and confer their host optimal adaptation to its environment by modulating its metabolism

After infection with F. tularensis, the induction of melanization and nodulation, which are immune responses to bacterial infection, were inhibited in silkworms. Pre-inoculation of silkworms with F. tularensis enhanced the expression of antimicrobial peptides and resistance to infection by pathogenic bacteria.

xylose-fermenting

Hydrolyze polysaccharide; assist digestion; synthesize acetate, propionate, and butyrate

The association between the leaf-cutter ant Atta sexdens and the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus has enabled them to degrade starch from plant material generating glucose, which is a major food source for both mutualists.

produces rough-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS)