These bacterial phyla may allow the adults C. maculatus to survive on DDVP treated grains, thereby making it inappropriate to control the beetle populations in the field.

These bacterial phyla may allow the adults C. maculatus to survive on DDVP treated grains, thereby making it inappropriate to control the beetle populations in the field.

Defense against pathogenic bacteria (via host immune stimulation)

Methylobacterium can be important in several physiological and metabolic processes in Lu. evansi, which suggests that interactions could occur with Leishmania parasite

aminopeptidase secreted by a Chromobacterium species suppresses DENV infection by directly degrading the DENV envelope protein

interfere with infection by Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in leafhoppers

process a lipase gene and antiviral activity of its protein against B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV)

mediates the saprophyte-to-insect pathogen transition through modulation of the expression of a membrane protein, Mr-OPY2.

Defense against pathogens

The GroEL proteins produced by Arsenophonus in B. tabaci (Asia II species) was found to interact with the coat protein of begomovirus and therefore facilitate virus transmission

plant mediation and parasitism might be involved in the dispersal of Arsenophonus. Moreover, Arsenophonus was reported to be involved in host plant specialization in the polyphagous aphid, Aphis craccivora

may have reproductive interactions with their mosquito hosts，either providing an indirect fitness advantage to females by inducing male killing or by directly protecting the host against natural pathogens

may have reproductive interactions with their mosquito hosts，either providing an indirect fitness advantage to females by inducing male killing or by directly protecting the host against natural pathogens

This group in the immature stages may be helping the insects to cope with oxidative stress by supplementing available oxygen.

likely interact with pathogen Xylella fastidiosa in the cibarium and precibarium

Rickettsia protects an invasive whitefly against entomopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae strains

the ability of B. tabaci Q to acquire, retain and transmit TYLCV is affected by its S-symbiont Hamiltonella

protects pea aphids from the aphid-specific fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora occidentalis but not from the generalist insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana

flies harbouring this symbiont have three times greater probability of being infected by trypanosomes than flies without the symbiont.

against this entomopathogen Pandora neoaphidis, reduce mortality and also decrease fungal sporulation on dead aphids which may help protect nearby genetically identical insects