produces toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and a mandelonitrile-producing cyanoglucoside, amygdalin, which protect the insect from predation

the harlequin ladybird safely harbors Serratia harmoniae, a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes severe mortality in other ladybird species, which confers an intraguild predation advantage to the harlequin ladybird

harboring Serratia improved host aphid growth and fecundity but reduced longevity. Serratia defends aphids against P. japonica by impeding the predator's development and predation capacity, and modulating its foraging behavior

Serratia defends aphids against P. japonica by impeding the predator's development and predation capacity, and modulating its foraging behavior

mediate mosquito resistance to Plasmodium

mycobiota abundance and composition change in the midgut as a response to blood intake

In response to ladybirds, symbiont-infected pea aphids exhibited proportionately fewer evasive defences (dropping and walking away) than non-infected (cured) pea aphids, but more frequent aggressive kicking

infected group showed greater differentiation in behaviours in response to the two predators (ladybirds and lacewings) than the uninfected lines

it may have unexpected properties, including gall formation.

Pantoea sp. reduce the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to Grapholita molesta

has a defensive function and can protect aphids from parasitoids

symbiont have a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps Aphidius ervi during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development

symbiont have a weak effect on the ability of aphids to defend themselves against the parasitic wasps Aphidius ervi during the attack and a strong effect on aphid resistance against parasitoid development

Against Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

secondary symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring. H. defensa and Arsenophonus contributed to the fitness of A. gossypii by enhancing its performance, but not through parasitoid resistance.

secondary symbiont reduction led to reduction of the total life span and intrinsic rate of natural increase as well as appearance of the deformed dead offspring. H. defensa and Arsenophonus contributed to the fitness of A. gossypii by enhancing its performance, but not through parasitoid resistance.

Survival rate of the parasitoid wasp attacked in the presence of symbiotic bacteria is significantly higher, but growth and development are negatively affected.

can provide a defence against hymenopteran parasitoids to their aphid hosts

Repelling parasitism

provides strong protection against parasitoid wasps; Negative effects of R5.15 on host survival and lifetime reproduction were limited and frequently non-significant