have been previously described in associations with phloem-feeding insects, in low abundances

have been previously described in associations with phloem-feeding insects, in low abundances

modulate immunity-related gene expression in the infected F0 larvae, and also in their offspring, triggered immune responses in the infected host associated with shifts in both DNA methylation and histone acetylation

the products of the symbiont gene cluster inhibit Spodoptera frugiperda phenoloxidase activity

confer protection by priming the immune system of host

two immunity-related genes glucose oxidase (GOX) and lysozyme (LYZ) were more highly expressed in both salivary glands and midguts compared with MgCl2 solution-treated caterpillars

downregulated POX but upregulated trypsin PI in this plant species

downregulated POX but upregulated trypsin PI in this plant species

the sensitivity to oxidative stress was increased when host is infected by Wolbachia, rather than decreased

could alleviate or compromise the antagonistic effects of fungi O. minus and L. procerum on RTB larval growth

could alleviate or compromise the antagonistic effects of fungi O. minus and L. procerum on RTB larval growth

could alleviate or compromise the antagonistic effects of fungi O. minus and L. procerum on RTB larval growth

a modulation of immune gene expression which may facilitate tolerance towards the endosymbionts and thus may contribute to their transovarial transmission

the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in D. melanogaster up-regulated certain immune-related genes

the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in D. melanogaster up-regulated certain immune-related genes

After infection with F. tularensis, the induction of melanization and nodulation, which are immune responses to bacterial infection, were inhibited in silkworms. Pre-inoculation of silkworms with F. tularensis enhanced the expression of antimicrobial peptides and resistance to infection by pathogenic bacteria.

Wolbachia increases production by its host of reactive oxygen species and its antioxidant system

Burkhoderia gut symbiont positively affect the Riptortus systemic immunity through stronger humoral immunity

Speculatively, it is possible that their presence in the gut of the oriental fruit fly is helping the fly to boost its immune system.

mediate trans-generational immune priming