could produce a secreted chitinolytic lysozyme (termed Msp1) to damage fungal cell walls，completely inhibit the spore germination of fungal entomopathogens Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana

could produce a secreted chitinolytic lysozyme (termed Msp1) to damage fungal cell walls，completely inhibit the spore germination of fungal entomopathogens Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana

Candida can provide amino acids, sterols and other substances for the host and can produce a variety of detoxification enzymes to make the BPHs immune to insecticides, mycotoxins and phytotoxins

Stenotrophomonas spp. can colonize a gut microbiome with limited other symbionts in the presence of kanamycin.The antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and insecticide tolerance that occurred in the resistant strain suggest new, exciting mutualistic relationships between gut microbiota and their insect hosts.

can function as a defensive mutualist as it prevents the weedy fungus while keeping the crop fungus (fungus garden) unaffected

Caring for the fungal gardens involves cooperative behavior, and could be related to the decrease of inter- and intra-specific competition for food

Caring for the fungal gardens involves cooperative behavior, and could be related to the decrease of inter- and intra-specific competition for food

provides not only the food and sterol skeleton necessary for the development of the beetle during its larval stages, but also serves as a producer of fungal inhibitors pigmented naphthoquinones that help to preserve the purity of the fungal garden of host

G. euwallacea is the predominant symbiont in the initial stages of gallery formation and the main food source (i.e., dominant fungus) for larvae during their development

serve to inhibit microbial ‘weeds’ and pests, thus protecting the fungal garden against potential infection

have six fungal proteases to provide food to the ants

The association between the leaf-cutter ant Atta sexdens and the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus has enabled them to degrade starch from plant material generating glucose, which is a major food source for both mutualists.

fungal garden making inside bamboos by non-social fungus-farming insects

fungal farming, a mutualistic nature of the D. bucculenta-W. anomalus association with morphological specialization and physiological dependence

mycangial fungus may help alter leaf chemical components and protect against pathogens thus improve leaf-rolls for the development of E. chinesis

host cultivate the actinomycete in specialized antennal gland reservoirs. Then symbionts are transferred to the larval cocoon, where they provide protection against pathogenic fungi by producing at least nine different antibiotics.

symbiont makes multiple antifungals, including Antimycins A1–A4, which support the fungus farming

Volatile cues from fungal symbionts may function as a mechanism to locate established fungal gardens of conspecific beetles (suitable microhabitat) but also as an orientation cue within a gallery